tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90811654349859617722024-02-08T02:45:13.336-08:00Laeulalia-IdeasLaeulalia-Ideas, My Blog Inspiring for All Student and People in the WorldMac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-13107762639881603752019-11-09T12:45:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:45:24.940-08:00Explanation of Agricultural Biotechnology and Its Benefits<b>Explanation of Agricultural Biotechnology and Its Benefits</b><br />
In addition to being applied in biotechnology and pharmacy and medicine and food, biotechnology is also applicable in agriculture. In composting and biogas is one simple example in the application of agricultural biotechnology. Utilization of agricultural biotechnology in zamam is now done in a modern way, here are some examples of agricultural biotechnology.<br />
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Hydroponics and Aeroponics<br />
Hydroponics is work by utilizing water. For methods used in hydroponics such as water culture using water media, sand culture methods using sand media and porous methods, among others, using gravel media and new brick fragments. With this sand method including successful and easy ways to apply.<br />
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The Advantages Of Using Hydroponics<br />
Higher crop production<br />
Use of fertilizer more efficiently<br />
Does not depend on natural conditions<br />
Plants are free from pests and diseases<br />
Grow faster<br />
Easy in the process<br />
Does not require so much land<br />
Fruits obtained by dihydroponics include cucumbers, paprika and lettuce, while plants that can be hydroponized are star fruit, guava water and melons.<br />
Aeroponics is a type of hydroponics because water that contains nutrient solutions is sprayed in the form of mist to hit the roots of plants. The principle of the application of aeroponics is Styrofoam which is given planting holes with a distance of 15 cm, which is then using foam padding or rock wool, vegetable seedlings are embedded in the planting hole.<br />
At the root of the plant will dangle freely downwards, then under the strands of Styrofoam there is a sprinkler or atomizer that emits a mist of nutrient solution up to the roots.<br />
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Plant Tissue Culture<br />
Plant tissue culture is a method or technique in isolating plant parts namely cells, tissues, organs and protoplasms and growing them on artificial media under aseptic conditions in a controlled space so that parts of the plant will grow and develop into complete plants.<br />
The part that is grown through tissue culture is called an explant. Explants used are usually from young plant tissue, such as shoots, young leaves and root tips.<br />
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Various Types of Plant Tissue Culture<br />
Antherculture pollen is a tissue culture technique using explants from stamens or pollen.<br />
Cloroplast culture is a tissue culture technique using chloroplast explants for the purpose of improving the properties of plants by making new varieties.<br />
Culture maristem is a tissue culture technique using explants or plant parts from young or meristem tissues.<br />
Protoplast culture is a tissue culture technique using parts of protoplast plants or living cells that have been removed from the cell wall.<br />
Somatic cross or crossing of the protoplasm is the crossing of two kinds of protoplasm into one, then cultivating it into a small plant with a new nature.<br />
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Biotechnology in the Formation of New Superior Plant Varieties<br />
In the application of biotechnology in forming superior new plants, many have been developed because human needs are increasing. In addition, the application of plant biotechnology can facilitate a farmer in the process of crop cultivation. Some new superior types of plants made using biotechnology are as follows.<br />
Burbank russet potato is a potato that has a high starch content and is able to produce better fried potatoes and potato chips.<br />
Low nicotine tobacco is a type of tobacco which is considered to reduce the risk of cancer due to smoking.<br />
Golden rice is a grain that is yellow like gold and contains carotenoids.<br />
Flavrsavr tomatoes are tomatoes whose ripe fruit does not rot easily.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-72298659067135030602019-11-09T12:44:00.003-08:002019-11-09T12:44:26.461-08:00The Role of Plants for Life<b>The Role of Plants for Life</b><br />
Plants are one of the living things that can determine the existence of other living things. As we already know, plants can make their own food through photosynthesis. Food made by plants is used to carry out their daily activities and to grow and develop. While the rest is stored as food reserves. This food reserve is then used by other living things. Therefore living things both directly and indirectly are very dependent on plants.<br />
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The Role of Plants for Life<br />
Now plant anatomists know that plants have totipotence, that is, the ability of each cell to grow into a new individual. Knowledge about totipotency is then used by experts to propagate plants by tissue culture techniques. Tissue culture technique is a way of propagation of plants in a very short time with many results. Tissue culture techniques can be used as a solution to overcome the problem of food shortages for the community.<br />
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Benefits of Plants for Life (for Humans)<br />
The following benefits of plants for life, especially for humans include:<br />
Teak and ebony trees are needed by the community because the wood is superior to be used as building material, furniture, ships, bridges and so on.<br />
Ginkgo seed biloba serves to sharpen memory, pharmaceutical experts found that in Ginkgo seeds contained a type of substance can sharpen a person's concentration, so that information that enters the brain can be easily remembered.<br />
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Benefits of Plants (For the Advancement of Science, Technology and the Environment)<br />
Here are some of the benefits of plants for the advancement of science, technology and the community environment, namely:<br />
The totipotence characteristic of plants is used in tissue culture techniques, so that plants can be produced in a short time and in large quantities.<br />
Water hyacinth will become a weed when eutrophication occurs but the dried, tanned and woven stems can be used to make things such as bags, mats, furniture and curtains. This causes the environment to be free of weeds besides opening new jobs.<br />
Through radiation and induction of colchicine chemicals in seeds, the number of body chromosomes is doubled so that the body size will exceed normal size so that large, non-seeded fruits can be produced.<br />
Tagetes plants produce thiophen compounds that are safe for humans, but are toxic to pests so that they can extract thiophen from leaves, stems, roots and flowers can be obtained extracts of insecticides, nematicides and fungicides.<br />
Plant body cells contain cytoplasm which is electrolyte so that by extracting the fruit skin and the remaining pieces of vegetables then the extract is connected to the electrodes to devices that use low energy can be used as a source of low alternative energy.<br />
Weeds are disturbing plants for cultivation. In contrast to pests and plant diseases, the effects caused by weeds are not seen directly and run slowly. But overall the losses incurred are very large. This weed can be able to compete strongly with cultivation plants to meet the needs of nutrients, water, sunlight, air and growing space.<br />
Thus the discussion about the Role of Plants for Life and Explanation Hopefully with this review can add insight and knowledge of you all, thank you very much for your visitMac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-19602616355217426212019-11-09T12:39:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:39:35.131-08:00Requirements for Corn Cultivation<b>Requirements for Corn Cultivation</b><br />
For this matter in the cultivation of maize plants is one type of seasonal plants with a cultivation period between 3 to 4 months, there are two main requirements in the cultivation of corn. Well, here are the requirements for corn cultivation, for more details, just consider the reviews below.<br />
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Requirements for complete cultivation of corn<br />
Growing Requirements<br />
Although it is known that a number of corn plant races are able to adapt to low temperatures and high regions, corn is the best plant when cultivated in the lowlands with warm temperatures and full sunlight. Corn germination will actually stop at temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius. For water needs of corn plants is average, but lack of water in the early growing period, the flowering period and the time of filling the seeds will result in a drastic decline in corn yields.<br />
Corn plants can grow in various types of soil, provided that there is sufficient water and nutrients available and the roots are able to grow well. The root of the corn plant is not deep, so the layers should not be too hard. The need for nutrients is high, especially in nitrogen and phosphorus.<br />
For this matter, corn plants like soil with neutral packaging "pH 5-6.5", Planting corn in acid soils, such as peat and podsolic red yellow "PMK", requires calcification, good drainage and good tolerant cultivars. . Which in the preparation of land for the preparation of corn planting usually involves piracy, leveling, making ditusan ditches, and liming "on acid soil", before planting, the land needs to be irrigated first.<br />
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Terms for how to grow corn<br />
In this case corn requires direct sunlight to be able to grow normally. A place with rainfall ranging from 85 to 200 mm per month, temperatures ranging from 23-27 degrees Celsius and soil pH ranging from 5.6 to 7.5 is the best or ideal place for growing corn.<br />
The type of soil is actually not very important, as long as the irrigation is good and the availability of water is sufficient, but it should be known if sufficient water in the initial growth phase and the flowering and seed filling phases is critical for the production of shelled corn.<br />
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Corn-planting land may not have a pool, the initial land management needs to consider making water drainage ditches or making beds. In acid soil type liming needs to be done first.<br />
In planting corn traditionally done by hand using torches to perforate the soil. Meanwhile, in mechanized agriculture, planting corn seeds is done using a planting machine.<br />
The population density of planting commonly used is around 60,000-120,000 plants per hectare, which is usually translated in spacing between rows of 50-100 cm, and spacing in rows of 10-40 cm. The choice of distance depends on the size of the corn plant.<br />
Corn nutrient requirements are known to be relatively high, in addition to requiring organic fertilizer as a basic / initial fertilizer, corn plants also require nitrogen / N input "of urea or ZA" phosphate and potassium for optimal growth and yield. The need for nitrogen in corn plants is high, making N fertilizer usually given 2-3 times a day, meanwhile, the potassium element is important in the flowering stage.<br />
In the middle of vegetative growth, maize plants will emit aerial roots, which will require soil to maximize nutrient absorption. Control of disturbing plants such as weeds can be done by using herbicides or by weeding. And water supply is usually given by trench flooding, in which case the water will be flowed through an irrigation channel or using a water pump.<br />
Thus the discussion of the Requirements in Complete Cultivation of Corn Plants hopefully with the review can add insight and knowledge of you all, thank you very much for your visitMac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-24376536552742211142019-11-09T12:37:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:37:18.462-08:00Definition of Implications<b>Definition of Implications</b><br />
According to the Big Dictionary the meaning of the word implication is the involvement or atmosphere involved. So that each word affix comes from implications such as the word implies or implies that means to bring a tangle of involvement or involve with something.<br />
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Implications According to Experts Are<br />
According to Islamy (2003, 114-115), the implication is everything that has been produced by the process of policy formulation. In other words, the implications are the consequences and consequences caused by the implementation of certain policies or activities.<br />
According to Winarno (2002: 171-174): There are at least five dimensions that must be discussed in calculating the implications of a policy. These dimensions include: first, the policy implications on public matters and the policy implications of the people involved.<br />
Second, the policy may have implications for circumstances or groups outside the policy goals or objectives.<br />
Third, policy may have implications for present and future conditions.<br />
Fourth, evaluation also involves another element, namely the direct costs incurred to finance public policy programs.<br />
Fifth, indirect costs incurred by the community or some community members due to public policies.<br />
According to Silalahi (2005: 43), implications are the consequences arising from the implementation of a program or policy, which can be good or not on the parties that are targeted for the implementation of the program or policy.<br />
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Kinds of Implications<br />
The implication consists of several types, seen from the use of which consists of several types of them.<br />
Theoretical Implications<br />
Managerial Implications<br />
Methodology Implications<br />
Implications of Mathematical Logic<br />
Implications in Leadership<br />
Ethical Implications<br />
Cultural Implications<br />
Implications of Globalization<br />
Theoretical Implications<br />
In this section the researcher presents a complete picture of the theoretical implications of this study. This section aims to convince examiners of the contributions to science in theories used to solve research problems, but also their implications for theories relevant to the main field of study presented in theoretical models.<br />
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Managerial Implications<br />
Managerial implications, namely reviewing or discussing the conclusions or the final results of research. Of course, these conclusions are obtained based on the policies applied in the research method. The policies taken to obtain the final results of the decision were obtained through a comprehensive and participatory decision-making process of all research members and in an appropriate managerial manner. The implications of policies related to the results of the study are also referred to as managerial implications. In addition, managerial implications can provide benefits for management science. That management consists of two implications, namely:<br />
Procedural implications, namely analysis, work planning, policy choices, and procedures for analysis.<br />
Substantive implications, namely the estimation of the plan and formulation of an action.<br />
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Methodology Implications<br />
This section is optional and presents the author's reflection on the methodology used in his research. For example in this section we can present an explanation of which parts of the research method have been done very well and which parts are relatively difficult and which procedures have been developed to overcome various that difficulty is not actually described before in the literature on research methods. Researchers can present in this section approaches that can be used in further research or other research to facilitate or to improve the quality of research.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-52198313888070612172019-11-09T12:36:00.003-08:002019-11-09T12:36:20.665-08:00Implications in Leadership<b>Implications in Leadership</b><br />
Many things need to be considered in a leadership. A leader of course must have quality attitudes for the progress of the organization and the company. In addition to being responsible, a leader must have the nature and attitude as a leader who has clear goals and vision. A leader must be able to provide encouragement to its members. As well as prioritizing humane and respectful relationships. A good leader will have positive implications and benefits for the company and its members.<br />
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IMPLICATIONS OF MATH Logic<br />
The word implications aside from being often used in types of scientific studies as well as in a study, generally also used in the study of mathematics. This is called the mathematical implication. The word implication in mathematics has a meaning as a statement that means compound and is often displayed in the word "if" or "then". In mathematical logic how to read and write "if" and "then" this can be explained with the following implications:<br />
"P => q"<br />
The mathematical implications can be read "if" p "then" q. The implication of p => q can be interpreted literally, where "p" (antecedent) as a hypothesis and initial or temporary guess and "q" as a consequence.<br />
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Ethical Implications<br />
This relates to the habits that are done. Of course ethics has been taught from an early age, then continues to always be applied in everyday life. There are so many types and ethics in society. The simplest example is a person who is still young, must respect their parents, then there is an ethic if it makes a mistake that it should apologize first. If always implemented well, these things will have enormous implications for one's life. Among them are respect and pride.<br />
The teacher is one important element that must exist after students. If a teacher does not have a professional attitude then students who are students will find it difficult to grow and develop properly. This is because teachers are one of the foundation for the state in terms of education. With the existence of professional and qualified teachers, they will be able to produce quality national children as well. The key that must be possessed by every teacher is competence. Competence is a set of knowledge and teaching skills of teachers in carrying out their professional duties as a teacher so that the goals of education can be achieved properly.<br />
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Cultural Implications<br />
Accepting and studying culture from other countries is a form of positive attitude, the point is that there is no need to close oneself and always be open to changes and differences. But do not let this open attitude exceed pride in the country. What should be done is to accept cultures that are positive and in accordance with one's personality. Negative cultural absorption will have implications that can harm yourself and others.<br />
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Implications of Globalization<br />
This implication is often interpreted as a result or effect when the phenomenon of globalization has occurred in a region or country. The implication of globalization is not only limited to the definition of products or goods, but can also be in the form of language, technology, education, culture, habits or habits, and so forth. This means that when the product or culture of a region or country can easily and freely enter and be applied in another region or country.<br />
The implications of globalization can have both positive and negative effects. A positive impact is a region or country that receives globalization will be more advanced and up to date. But on the contrary, if it is too excessive, it will cause negative effects such as control of a region or country on products and culture of another region or country. An example is the increasing number of supermarkets and minimarkets that will dominate places such as traditional markets in the field of consumption, and the purchase of local products in the country.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-54673905949648452982019-11-09T12:31:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:31:29.234-08:00Understanding Scientific References<b>Understanding Scientific References</b><br />
A reference is something that is used in providing information to reinforce a statement expressly. Or we are also familiar with "referral". Reference uses both factual and non-factual. Factual referrals consist of sample statistics, testimonies, and factual objects. References can be in the form of evidence, values, and credibility. The source of reference material is where the material is found.<br />
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Types of References<br />
Factual and non-factual reference material may exist in the following three forms:<br />
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Evidence like, statistics, examples and testimonies<br />
The values used by people who accept the argument (the crowd)<br />
Credibility of information providers. Like the person giving the information may lead to his own experience to be able to convince the listener that he is a capable person.<br />
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Reference Works<br />
Reference works are certain forms of scientific publications or books that can be used as a basis or idea for statements through proven facts. Reference works can also be electronic or physical documents. In addition, printed books and research publications, physical documentary works often used are dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, thesaurus, scientific journals, catalogs, authentic manuscripts and atlases. While data from electronic documents in the form of DVDs, CD-ROMs, recorded data, application programs, or the internet.<br />
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Purpose of Making References<br />
The following are the objectives in making a reference that we need to know:<br />
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In order to strengthen the theory and argument<br />
References are used to support material from the theory or argument as outlined in the text. Reference becomes a basis for the submission of arguments so that it has a strong foundation and can be accepted by the public as an opinion that can be accounted for.<br />
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Avoid plagiarism<br />
The use of references is intended not to be an act of plagiarism on the work of others. An article generally becomes the author's intellectual property. So if someone uses a theory, sentences or opinions used from other sources must state the source clearly.<br />
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Respect the Work of Others<br />
References also need to be included as a form of appreciation for the work of others. In general, opinions or theories of other people can be taken and used for free in completing a paper. So for the form of an award needs to be given a clear reference to the source of the theory that is written in full using the method or method of writing certain references.<br />
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Provide Information To Readers<br />
References also have the intention to provide information to the reader on the original and complete source of an opinion or theory. With the reference, the reader can find the information more fully in accordance with their needs.<br />
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Example Reference<br />
Smith, J. (2005a). Harvard Referencing. London: Jolly Good Publishing.<br />
Smith, J. (2005b). Dutch Citing Practices. The Hague: Holland Research Foundation.<br />
In writing the city of publication, the city that is internationally known (such as London or New York) is quoted only as the city. If the city is not known internationally, the country (or province) is included.<br />
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Often people use the term "implications" without really thinking about what they mean and define. The use of the word implication is indeed still rarely used in daily conversation sentences. The use of the word implication is usually commonly used in a research language. Therefore there are still few studies that discuss the meaning of the word implication. But if you hear the term implication, the first thing that comes to mind in general is an effect or something that has a direct impact.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-59491853474015781652019-11-09T12:28:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:28:36.306-08:00Example of Requirement Analysis<b>Example of Requirement Analysis</b><br />
Theoretically, the concept of fractions is a more difficult topic compared to integers (Mark, 1988). Because in learning the concept of fractions is very possible the occurrence of misconceptions in students. In addition to broken material that is difficult, children at the elementary school level always have a desire to play, because it is already a part of their lives.<br />
We can see in everyday life how happy it is when children watch cartoons and read comics. For this reason, a learning system that is fun and appropriate for students needs to be considered. This is in accordance with what was revealed by Risman (2003) to organize a fun education for children so that children can excel there are three C that must be considered, namely children (children), content (material), and context (situation). Furthermore Risman explained that the right treatment and the appropriate material would not have a positive effect if it was not conveyed in the right situation (context).<br />
Based on the background description above, it is necessary for a teacher's actions to find and implement an alternative learning model that is able to increase students' understanding of mathematical concepts, especially the concept of fractions by paying attention to the level of mental development of students.<br />
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Planning Phase (plan), including:<br />
draw up a learning plan.<br />
compose comics that will be used as learning media.<br />
prepare materials / props needed in the implementation of the action<br />
prepare observation sheets that will be used by observers when implementing actions.<br />
Acting Stage<br />
The implementation of the action in question is to carry out learning the concept of fractions by using comic media and observing the activities of students and teachers during the learning process using prepared observation sheets.<br />
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Stage of investigation (Research)<br />
At this stage includes producing data (produce data) and data analysis (analyze data).<br />
In this study, data analysis was carried out in a process. The process in this case means that the implementation has started since the data collection was carried out and worked intensively. Every time the action is over, the data collected is analyzed based on observations, student work, final results and interview results.<br />
The data analysis technique used in this study is a qualitative data analysis technique developed by Miles and Huberman (1992), namely by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions and verifying data.<br />
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Reflection Stage (reflect)<br />
The implementation of reflection activities, the researchers conducted discussions with observers to capture the things that happened before and during the action took place based on test results, observations, results of interviews, and field notes with research subjects so that conclusions can be drawn in planning further actions.<br />
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The Purpose of Analysis at Work<br />
This job analysis produces a list of job descriptions written statements regarding the obligations of workers which also includes qualification standards, level of education, minimum experience required as well as the character of the job itself.<br />
Analysis - Definition, Example, Stage, Purpose, Experts: In social science, analysis in an effort to understand and explain the process for a problem and various things in it. While science (science) is the right understanding and definition of activities carried out analysis to describe substances into its constituent compounds. In chemistry, analysis is used to determine the composition of an ingredient or substance. Examples of the best known areas of the field of food technology from activity analysis.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-63664076099894616892019-11-09T12:27:00.000-08:002019-11-09T12:27:04.332-08:00Definition of Analysis<b>Definition of Analysis</b><br />
In linguistics, analysis is the study of language to examine in depth the structure of language. While laboratory activities, said analysis or analysis can also mean the activities carried out in the laboratory to examine the substances in the sample. However, in its development, the use of word analysis or academic analysis is in the spotlight, especially among linguists. The use must be analysis. This is because word analysis is a loan word from a foreign language (English) is analysis.<br />
From the suffix -isys when absorbed into Indonesian it becomes -isis. So it must be for us to straighten out the use of any language in order to create good practice and correct language for the sake of the nation appearing a logical, better order.<br />
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Definition of Analysis According to Experts<br />
1. ACCORDING TO WIRADI<br />
Analysis is an activity that contains the activities of sorting, breaking down, distinguishing things to be classified and grouped according to certain criteria and then looking for their significance and their relevance.<br />
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2. ACCORDING TO KOMARUDDIN<br />
Analysis is an activity of thinking to decompose a whole into components so that they can recognize the signs of components, relationships with each other and their respective functions in an integrated whole.<br />
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3. ACCORDING TO DWI PRASTOWO DARMINTO<br />
The analysis is interpreted as a breakdown of a subject on the various parts and a review of the part itself, as well as the relationships between the parts to obtain an appropriate understanding and understanding of the overall meaning.<br />
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4. DICTIONARY ACCOUNTING<br />
The analysis is to evaluate the conditions of the verses relating to accounting and possible reasons for differences that arise.<br />
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5. ANNE GREGORY<br />
Analysis is the first step of the planning process.<br />
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6. SYAHRUL<br />
Analysis means evaluating the conditions of the items or verses relating to accounting and possible reasons for differences that arise.<br />
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7. EFFREY LIKER<br />
Analysis is the time to gather evidence, to find the source of a problem, namely its roots.<br />
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8. HANIF AL FATTA<br />
Analysis is the initial stage in the development of a fundamental stage which determines the quality of the information system developed.<br />
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9. HUSEIN UMAR<br />
Analysis is a work process of a series of stages of work before research is documented through the stages of writing a report.<br />
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10. MINTO RAHAYU<br />
Analysis is a way of dividing a subject into components; it means letting go, letting go of, describing something which is bound together.<br />
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11. ROBERT J. SCHREITER, 1991<br />
Analysis is the "reading" of the text, which locates the signs that place the signs in dynamic interactions, and the messages conveyed.<br />
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12. RIFKA JULIANTY<br />
Analysis is an elaboration on the subject of the part and the study itself, as well as the relationship between the parts to get the right understanding and understanding of the overall meaning.<br />
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13. MOHAMMAD AFDI NIZAR<br />
Analysis is an evaluation of the conditions of the verses relating to accounting and the reasons for allowing differences to emerge.<br />
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Implementation Stage<br />
For the application of this media must go through 4 stages, namely: (1) planning (plan): planning of action (Plan of Action) and research planning (Plan of Research), (2) actions (act): implementing actions (implementing actions) and observing actions (monitor action), (3) investigation (research): get data (produce data) and data analysis (analyze data), and (4) reflection (reflect). Of the four stages form a cycle.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-29647524282468299162019-11-09T12:21:00.001-08:002019-11-09T12:21:36.653-08:00Climate and Weather of Earth's Atmosphere<b>Climate and Weather of Earth's Atmosphere</b><br />
Earth's atmosphere has no definite limits, slowly thinning and blurring into outer space. Three quarters of the mass of the atmosphere is at an altitude of 11 kilometers from the surface of the Earth. This lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below it, which causes air to expand.<br />
The air in this layer then moves up and is replaced by cold air with higher humidity. As a result, atmospheric circulation occurs which triggers the formation of weather and climate through the redistribution of heat energy.<br />
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The main effects of atmospheric circulation are the occurrence of trade winds in the equatorial region which are at latitude 30 ° and west winds in the mid-latitude regions between 30 ° and 60 °. Ocean currents are also an important factor in determining climate, especially thermohaline circulation that spreads heat energy from the ocean at the equator to the polar regions.<br />
Water vapor generated through evaporation on the surface of the Earth is transported by circulating patterns in the atmosphere. When the atmosphere lifts warm and humid air, water vapor will condense and settle to the surface of the Earth through the process of precipitation. Water that is lowered to the surface of the Earth in the form of rain is then transported to lower heights by rivers and usually returns to the sea or empties into lakes.<br />
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This event is called the water cycle, which is an important mechanism to support the survival of life on land and the main factor that causes erosion on the surface of the Earth in the geological period. The pattern of precipitation is very diverse, ranging from a few meters of water per year to less than one millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topology, and temperature differences also determine the average rainfall that falls in each region.<br />
The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth will decrease with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, sunlight reaches the Earth's surface at a lower angle and must pass through thicker atmospheric columns. As a result, the average temperature at sea level decreases around 0.4 ° C per degree of latitude from the equator. The earth can be divided into specific latitude zones based on estimates of climate similarity.<br />
<br />
This division ranges from the equator to the polar regions, namely tropical (or equatorial) climate zones, subtropical, temperate, and polar. Climate can also be classified according to temperature and rainfall, which is characterized by climate regions with uniform air masses.<br />
The most commonly used is the Köppen climate classification system (coined by Wladimir Köppen). This classification divides the Earth into five climate zones (humid, dry tropics, humid middle latitudes, continental and cold poles), which are then subdivided into more specific sub-types.<br />
Analysis in an effort to understand and explain the process for the problem and various things that are in it. While science (science) is the right understanding and definition of activities carried out analysis to describe substances into its constituent compounds. In chemistry, analysis is used to determine the composition of an ingredient or substance. Examples of the best known areas of the field of food technology from activity analysis.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-3048798444167069562019-11-09T12:18:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:18:31.627-08:00Layers and Changes in Earth's Atmospheric Surface<b>Layers and Changes in Earth's Atmospheric Surface</b><br />
The atmosphere is a layer of air that covers the earth as a whole with a thickness of more than 650 km. The movement of air in the atmosphere occurs mainly due to the influence of sunlight heating and earth's rotation. This earth's rotation will result in the movement of air mass, so that there will be differences in air pressure in various places in the atmosphere that can cause wind currents.<br />
<br />
Atmospheric Evolution<br />
According to geologists, in the beginning the earth's atmosphere contained (carbon dioxide) high levels, so the surface temperature of the earth was also high. At that time oxygen () had not yet been formed so there was no ozone layer in the stratosphere, because of that ultraviolet light from the sun reaching the earth's surface with a very strong radiation intensity. This condition is not possible for life, except there may be life in deep waters so as to avoid ultra violet rays.<br />
About 3.5 billion years ago the evolution of chlorophyll living creatures began to enable the process of photositensis. Because photositensis requires the levels in the atmosphere to decrease and vice versa levels increase. Through this process the ozone layer () is formed.<br />
<br />
Atmospheric Layers<br />
Based on the vertical temperature profile, the layers of the atmosphere can be divided into<br />
Troposphere (0 - 10 Km) Is the lowest atmosphere and close to the Earth. In this layer, there are clouds, wind, rain, lightning, and others.<br />
Stratosphere (10 - 30 Km) In this layer, an increase in temperature due to increased altitude. Ozone (O3) is found in this layer with a height of 25 Km from the surface of the Earth.<br />
Mesosphere (30-50 Km) This layer has electrically charged ions or air (Layer D) which functions to reflect radio waves. Because of the electric charge, we can communicate with other people abroad.<br />
Thermosphere (50 - 400Km) This layer serves to protect the earth from meteors by burning it. This is because the atmospheric layer has electrically charged or ionized solar radiation<br />
Exosphere> 400 Km Is the highest layer of the atmosphere. In this layer, the content of atmospheric gases is very low. The boundary between the ekosfr (which is basically also the boundary of the atmosphere) with outer space is not clear. Areas that are included in the ecosphere are areas that can still be affected by the earth's gravity. Imaginary lines that limit the ecosphere with outer space are called magnetopause.<br />
<br />
Atmospheric Function<br />
The existence of the atmosphere that covers the entire surface of the earth has a very important meaning for the survival of various organisms on earth. Atmospheric functions include:<br />
Reducing solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface during the day and loss of excessive heat at night.<br />
Distributing water to various regions of the earth's surface<br />
Provides oxygen and carbon dioxide.<br />
As a retaining meteor that will fall to earth.<br />
The role of the atmosphere in reducing solar radiation is very important. If there is no atmospheric layer, the surface temperature of the earth if 100% of the sun's radiation is received by the surface of the earth will be very high and it is feared that no organism can understand life, including humans.<br />
In distributing water between regions on the surface of the earth, the role of the atmosphere is seen in the hydrological cycle. Without an atmosphere capable of storing water vapor, then all the water on the surface of the earth will only collect at the lowest place.<br />
The rivers will dry up, all the ground water will seep into the sea, so that the water will only collect in the ocean and sea. The distribution of water by the atmosphere provides opportunities for all living things to grow and develop throughout the earth's surface. In addition, the atmosphere can provide oxygen for living things. Plant's need for CO2 can also be obtained from the atmosphere.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-25325248285497949402019-11-09T12:17:00.000-08:002019-11-09T12:17:08.807-08:00Earth's Structure and Atmosphere<b>Earth's structure and Atmosphere</b><br />
Arrangement of Layers of Planet Earth<br />
In the process of formation or occurrence the earth has the following arrangement.<br />
Atmosphere<br />
The earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere. With a thickness of ± 2,000 km. This air layer mainly contains nitrogen, oxygen and gas. The atmosphere keeps the earth from getting too hot in the sun and not too cold. This layer of air also protects the earth against ultra violet rays from the sun. This ray is dangerous for life. Under the atmosphere there is a cloud containing clouds of water that comes from ocean water vapor and land water vapor down to earth as rain.<br />
<br />
Hydrosphere / Ocean / Water<br />
The ocean is a large basin filled with water with an average depth of 3,500 m. The area of the ocean reaches two thirds of the earth's surface.<br />
<br />
Mesosphere (Earth's Coat)<br />
Under the earth's crust there is a layer of the earth's mantle. This mantle is a layer of rock about 2,900 km thick. the temperature at the bottom of the mantle reaches 3,700 degrees Celsius, but the rock remains solid because it is under high pressure.<br />
<br />
Barisfer (Core of the Earth)<br />
The earth's core consists of two layers, namely the inner core and the outer core.<br />
The outer core is ± 2,000 km thick consisting of molten iron, the temperature reaches 2,200 degrees Celsius.<br />
The inner core in the center of the earth is a ball with a diameter of 2,740 km. this ball consists of solid iron and nickel. The center temperature is ± 4,500 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
Earth's structure<br />
Earth's atmosphere<br />
The atmosphere is the layer of gas that surrounds a planet, including the earth, from the surface of the planet to deep space. On Earth, the atmosphere is from an altitude of 0 km above the ground, up to about 560 km above the Earth's surface. The atmosphere is composed of several layers, which are named after the phenomena that occur in that layer.<br />
The transition between layers is gradual. The study of the atmosphere was first carried out to solve the problem of the weather, the phenomenon of refraction of the sun when it rises and sets, and the star's twinkling. With sensitive equipment installed in space rides, we can get a better understanding of the atmosphere and the phenomena that occur in it.<br />
The Earth's atmosphere consists of nitrogen (78.17%) and oxygen (20.97%), with a small amount of argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (variable, but around 0.0357%), water vapor, and other gases. The atmosphere protects life on earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and reducing extreme temperatures between day and night. 75% of the atmosphere is within 11 km of the planet's surface.<br />
The atmosphere does not have a sudden limit, but rather thin out gradually by increasing the height, there is no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.<br />
The atmosphere comes from the Greek "Atmos" which means water vapor or gas and "Sphaira" which means blanket. So the atmosphere can be interpreted as a layer of gas that surrounds a planet, including the earth, from the surface of the planet to deep space with a thickness of approximately 1,000 km from the earth's surface and has a mass of 59 x 1014 tons. On earth, the atmosphere is from an altitude of 0 km above the ground, up to about 560 km above the earth's surface. Atmosper follows the earth's rotation (rotation) and evolves around the sun.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-15196560728285584612019-11-09T12:15:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:15:34.785-08:00Arrangement, Structure Layer of Planet Earth<b>Arrangement, Structure Layer of Planet Earth</b><br />
Layers of Planet Earth - Composition, Structure, Atmosphere, Evolution, Function, Climate and Weather: Earth is home to millions of living things, including humans. Earth's mineral resources and other biosphere products contribute to the provision of resources to support the global human population.<br />
<br />
Earth<br />
Earth is the third planet of the Sun which is the most populous planet and the fifth largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. Earth is also the largest of the four earth planets of the Solar System. Earth is sometimes called the world or the Blue Planet.<br />
The earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface in the first billion years. The Earth's biosphere then slowly changes the atmosphere and other basic physical conditions, which allows the proliferation of organisms and the formation of an ʻozone layer, which together with the Earth's magnetic field blocks harmful solar radiation and allows microscopic living things to breed safely on land. Physical properties, geological history, and Earth's orbit make it possible for life to survive.<br />
The Earth's lithosphere is divided into a number of rigid segments, or tectonic plates, which have moved across the Earth's surface for millions of years. More than 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, and the rest consists of continents and islands that have many lakes and other water sources that contribute to the formation of hydrosphere.<br />
The Earth's poles are mostly covered with ice; solid ice in Antarctic ice sheets and sea ice in polar ice packs. The interior of the Earth is still active, with the inner core consisting of solid iron, while the outer core is a liquid that creates a magnetic field, and a relatively thick thick layer in the mantle.<br />
The Earth interacts gravity with other objects in space, especially the Sun and Moon. When circling the Sun in one orbit, the Earth rotates on its axis 366.26 times, which creates 365.26 solar days or one cider year.<br />
The rotation of the Earth on its axis is tilted 23.4 ° from the plane of the orbit, which causes a difference in seasons on the Earth's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days). The moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth, which began to orbit the Earth about 4.53 billion years ago. The gravitational interaction between the Moon and the Earth stimulates ocean tides, stabilizes the tilt of the axis, and gradually slows the Earth's rotation.<br />
Earth is home to millions of living things, including humans. Earth's mineral resources and other biosphere products contribute to the provision of resources to support the global human population. The Earth region inhabited by humans is grouped into 200 sovereign states, which interact with one another through diplomacy, tourism, trade, and military action.<br />
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Lithosphere (Earth's Crust)<br />
Is the topmost rock layer on the surface of the earth called the earth's crust. Under the continent, the thickness of the earth's crust reaches 70 km, under the ocean is only about 6 km. the temperature in the earth's crust reaches about 1,050 degrees Celsius.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-12400427529136627482019-11-09T12:09:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:09:54.846-08:00Definition of the Litosphere and its Explanatory Section<b>Definition of the Litosphere and its Explanatory Section</b><br />
Lithosphere is the outer shell of a rocky planet. The lithosphere is derived from the Greek word, lithos which means rocky and sphere which means solid. This lithosphere is derived from the word lithos which means rock and sphere means layer. Literally the lithosphere is the most extraordinary layer of the earth or commonly referred to as the earth's crust. This layer, broken up into sections or tectonic plates, which moves continuously and is responsible for geological activities on earth, the lithosphere is about 60 miles far in most places.<br />
<br />
Lithosphere<br />
The lithosphere is preceded by the asthenosphere, the mantle and the outer and inner strata of the Earth's core. Because the lithosphere is always moving. According to geologists, they believe that all darata on earth originate from a single continent called (Pangea) as a result of thousands of years of stable movements that form continents.<br />
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Some Other Facts<br />
The outer lithosphere layer consists of Sio2 and A1203 or, unfortunately, the deepest lithosphere layer consists of chemical compounds SiO2 and MgO or sima.<br />
The boundary between the pesky and sima layers in the earth's surface is irregular.<br />
Between the earth's core and the earth's crust there is a layer of rock.<br />
The earth's core is called Barisfer / Nife, consisting of a composition of nickel and ferum metals.<br />
Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the top part of the earth's mantle (is dense) which results in the hardness of the outer layers of the planet Earth. Batasa between the matel and the earth's crust is called the moho layer. The lithosphere is supported by the asthenosphere which is the weaker, hotter and deeper part of the mantle. The boundary between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere is distinguished in terms of its response to stress, the lithosphere remains dense over a relatively long geological period and changes elasticly due to cracks while the asthenosphere changes like a thick liquid.<br />
<br />
Parts of the Litosphere (Earth Skin)<br />
Damn Layer<br />
The layer of the earth's crust is composed of silisium metal and aluminum, the compounds are in the form of SiO2 and AL 2 O3. In the pesky layer (silisium and aluminum) there are sedimentary rocks, andesite granite types of metamorphic rocks and other rocks found on continental land. The pesky layer is also called the crustal layer and the average 35 km of sandstone.<br />
<br />
The crust is divided into two parts, namely:<br />
Continent Crust<br />
It is a solid body consisting of granite rocks at the top and basaltic igneous rocks at the bottom, this crust is a continent.<br />
<br />
Ocean crust<br />
It is a solid body consisting of sea sediment at the top, then beneath the volcanic rocks and the lowest is composed of igneous gabro and peridolite. This crust occupies the ocean floor.<br />
<br />
Sima Coating (magnesium silicium)<br />
Earth's crust is composed of silisium metals and magnesium in the form of Si O2 and Mg O compounds. This layer has a specific density greater than the pesky layer because it contains iron and magnesium, namely ferrous minerals magnesium and basaltic rocks and has an average thickness averaging 65 km.<br />
Thus the discussion on Understanding the Litosphere along with the Parts and Explanations hopefully with this review can add insight and knowledge of you all, thank you very much for your visit<br />
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Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-7458774427955633972019-11-09T12:04:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:04:54.926-08:00The Process of Forming Petroleum With Its Understanding and Components<b>The Process of Forming Petroleum With Its Understanding and Components</b><br />
Definition of Petroleum<br />
Petroleum dubbed as black gold (petroleum from Latin petrus - less and oleum - oil) is a thick, dark brown, or burnt green liquid, which is in the upper layers of several areas in the earth's crust,<br />
Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, mostly alkane series, but varies in appearance, purity, and composition. Oil is extracted from oil wells in oil mines.<br />
The location of these wells was obtained after going through a process of geological knowledge, sediment analysis, character and source structure, as well as various other knowledge. Then the oil is processed at the refinery and the results are broken down based on boiling points to produce various fuels,<br />
ranging from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and various chemical reagents needed to make plastics and medicines. Petroleum is used to produce various goods and materials needed by humans.<br />
<br />
Process of Forming Earth's Oil<br />
Earth's oil is the result of decomposition (decomposition) of animal and plant material in an area of subsidence (down) slowly. The area is usually in the form of a lagoon (lake) boundary along the coast or lake in the marsh on the mainland,<br />
Sediment is deposited together with the material and the sedimentation speed must be fast enough so that at least a part of the organic material can be stored and buried well before decay occurs.<br />
The geological time and place of deposition continue to sink deeper into the earth's surface, because of the increasing weight of the sediments and materials piled on it, or because of the tectonic forces that cause the effect of subsidence. Organic material sinks deeper so that it experiences increasingly high pressures and temperatures.<br />
The process will cause chemical changes from these organic materials. The material change is the forerunner to the formation of a mixture of hydrocarbon materials whose composition is very complex, both hydrocarbons in the form of liquids or in the form of gases.<br />
The increase in temperature to an average depth of the world around 20 - 55 degrees Celsius per kilometer. Disumatera alone can reach around 100 ° C / km. Whereas new oil habitats are formed at temperatures around 65 - 150 ° C, which are generally located at depths of 1.5 - 3 km. At a depth of 3-6 km the reservoir rock will be dominated by gas rather than oil. For deeper depths the temperature will be different to be higher so that the gas will be higher so that the gas will experience decomposition.<br />
Usually petroleum is deposited in good porous sedimentary rocks which have a porosity value of 45% (so good reseroar). Because the longer the rock is deposited and buried in the material above, then the rock will be compacted and this can cause the value of porosity to decrease.<br />
Oil, gas, and water will be stored or collected in the pore spaces of the porous rock. Due to gravitational pressure, the fluid moves in the rock slowly. Aid that can escape fluid is called permeable rock.<br />
<br />
Petroleum is formed from the breakdown of organic compounds derived from the bodies of small organisms that lived in the sea / waters millions of years ago. The process is that these organisms will die, then settle to the bottom of the sedimentary basin to produce a sedimentary basin.<br />
Then this sedimentary basin will gradually be buried by other rocks above it so that it will gradually fall down where the temperature and pressure increase so that the decomposition process and oil will be produced.<br />
The oil produced by the Parent rocks has a lower density than water so that the oil moves upward through the porous hole, but most of the oil is trapped in non-porous rocks so drilling is needed.<br />
<br />
Search for Miyak Bumi<br />
The process of finding (exploration) of oil from the bowels of the earth is carried out by geologists. The modern way used by geologists to search for petroleum is by using satellite imagery and analyzing rock surfaces. After the geologist conducts a series of analyzes and states that in the location there is oil, the next task is taken over by the geophysicist.<br />
Geophysicists study the physical properties of soil layers. Various methods are used in this stage to support the results obtained by geologists. The equipment used to search for petroleum is like Gravimetry (to measure the presence of oil flow due to slight differences in earth's gravity),<br />
Magnetometry (to measure changes in magnetic fields due to oil flow), and Sniffers in the form of electronic devices used to detect hydrocarbon odors. The most commonly used is seismology.<br />
<br />
Seismology can be used to find oil reserves both on land and at sea. The main part of seismology is the trigger of vibration and signal reception. There are vibration triggers such as Compressed-air gun (specifically used for offshore exploration), Thumper trucks (for exploration of oil on land), and explosives.<br />
The sound or vibration produced by the Thumper truck emits a signal or sound wave, the signal will be reflected back by the boundaries between different layers of rock captured by the geophone, the data is then sent to the truck that functions as the control center.<br />
By detecting these reflections, experts can draw a map of rock structures below the earth's surface to find oil reserves. If petroleum reserves are positive at a location, the drilling process will begin.<br />
If the center of the petroleum is located offshore, the extraction can be done in 2 ways, namely:<br />
If the distance of the oil center is close to the mainland, a pipeline is planted on the seabed and pumps the earth oil to land.<br />
If the oil center is far from the mainland, a drilling rig will be built and then the results will be taken by the tanker to landMac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-34332528576668940372019-11-09T12:03:00.002-08:002019-11-09T12:03:42.622-08:00Petroleum Processing Process<b>Petroleum Processing Process</b><br />
The Following Is The Process Of Petroleum Processing.<br />
Primary Process<br />
The components of petroleum are separated by multilevel distillation, that is the separation of petroleum based on differences in boiling points. Staged distillation stages are:<br />
Crude oil is heated in a high pressure boiler to a temperature of 600oC and flowed to the bottom of the distillation tower.<br />
The crude oil vapor moves up through the plates with bubble caps.<br />
<br />
Steam will reach a height, where the steam will condense into liquid at a certain temperature and pressure called<br />
The fraction containing compounds with high boiling point will be condensed at the bottom of the tower destialsi, while the fraction containing compounds with low boiling point will be condensed at the top of the distillation tower.<br />
<br />
Secondary Process<br />
The secondary process is also called the conversion process, which is in this process petroleum is converted into hydrocarbon forms with a simpler chain in accordance with the desired needs. There are several techniques used in this conversion process, including:<br />
<br />
Cracking<br />
Cracking is the process of harassing large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules. There are cracking using catalyst (catalytic cracking) and some are not using catalyst but using high temperature (thermal cracking).<br />
An example of this cracking is to crack a C30 hydrocarbon molecule which is a product of the diesel or heavy oil fraction into two C15 hydrocarbon molecules which are a product of the kerosene or kerosene fraction, or into a C10 hydrocarbon molecule which is a product of the gasoline fraction and a molecule C20 hydrocarbons which are products of the solar fraction.<br />
<br />
Polymerization<br />
The polymerization process changes the byproducts of hydrocarbon gas produced in cracking into hydrocarbod liquid which can be used as motor fuel, aviation, and petrochemical raw materials. The main basic ingredient of polymerization is olefins obtained from cracking still.<br />
<br />
Processing<br />
This process is intended to prepare hydrocarbon fractions for further processing, also to be processed into final products.<br />
<br />
Formulation and blending<br />
The process of mixing hydrocarbon fractions and adding additives to get the final product with certain specifications.<br />
<br />
Other processes<br />
Such as waste treatment, the process of removing salt water (sour-water stripping), the process of recovering sulfur (sulfur recovery), the heating process, the cooling process, the process of making hydrogen, and other supporting processes.<br />
<br />
The use of petroleum<br />
The usefulness of petroleum is based on certain fractions, which are presented as follows:<br />
Strengths and Weaknesses of Petroleum<br />
The following are the advantages and disadvantages of petroleum.<br />
<br />
Advantages<br />
At present, petroleum can meet the energy needs of vehicle engines such as motorcycles, cars, ships, and even planes.<br />
The transportation and management is easier<br />
The prices of these petroleum products are relatively affordable by the public.<br />
Petroleum energy is still a widely used energy.<br />
<br />
Weakness<br />
Almost every petroleum mining produces waste.<br />
The area where the petroleum mining is conducted becomes unproductive due to waste pollution.<br />
Petroleum is classified as natural resource which is difficult to be renewed, so the amount is limited.<br />
The use of oil production in machinery and vehicles produces air pollution.<br />
<br />
Trap type<br />
Traps are permeable and porous rock layers (reservoir rock) that are boarded or blocked by impermeable rocks that have a function to prevent the escape of oil to other places (caprock). Geological structures that can trap oil and gas can be classified as:<br />
<br />
Structural trap<br />
namely traps formed by reservoir rock deformation, such as anticline, fault, etc.<br />
<br />
Stratigraphic trap<br />
that is, traps formed by controllers such as canals, reff, deltas or reservoir rock erosion such as angular unconformity.<br />
<br />
Combination trap<br />
namely a combination of structural elements from the two forms above.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-29018117303425481112019-11-09T11:59:00.000-08:002019-11-09T11:59:11.717-08:00Oil Extraction Process<b>Oil Extraction Process</b><br />
After evaluating the reservoir, the next stage is to develop a reservoir. The first thing to do is build a well (construction), including drilling (drilling), installing tubular wells (casing) and cementing (cementing). Then the completion process to make the well ready for use.<br />
This process includes perforation, namely the perforation of a well wall; installation of all production pipes and valves and their accessories to bring oil and gas to the surface; installation of wellhead (chrismast tree) on the surface; installation of various safety equipment, installation of pumps if needed, etc.<br />
If needed, the stimulation method is also carried out in this phase. Next well-evaluation to evaluate the condition of wells and formations in the well. The most common technique is called logging, which can be done when the well is still drilled or the well is ready.<br />
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Three Types of Wells:<br />
The Following Are The Three Kinds Of Types Of Wells:<br />
<br />
Exploration Well<br />
(often called wildcat), which is a well drilled to determine whether there is oil or gas in an entirely new place.<br />
<br />
Confirmation Well<br />
If an exploration well finds oil or gas, several confirmation wells will be drilled in several different places around it to determine whether the hydrocarbon content is sufficient to be developed.<br />
<br />
Development Well<br />
is a well drilled in an existing oil field. The aim is to extract hydrocarbons as much as possible from the field.<br />
<br />
Petroleum Association<br />
The following are other public relations terms:<br />
Production well: a well that produces hydrocarbons, whether oil, gas or both. Fluid flow from the bottom up.<br />
Injection well: a well for injecting certain fluids into the formation (see Enhanced Oil Recovery at the end). Fluid flow from top to bottom.<br />
Vertical well: a well that is straight and vertical.<br />
Deviated well, directional well: wells whose geometric shapes are not vertical straight, can be in the form S, J or L.<br />
Horizontal well: a well where there are horizontal parts. Is part of a well directed.<br />
A rig is a series of special equipment used to drill a well or access a well. The main characteristic of the rig is the existence of a tower made of steel which is used to up and down the tubular wells.<br />
<br />
Petroleum Rig<br />
Generally, rigs are categorized into two types according to where they operate:<br />
<br />
Land-rig: operates on land.<br />
Sea rig (offshore-rig): operates above the water surface (sea, river, swamp, lake or river delta).<br />
<br />
Kind - Offshore-Rig<br />
There are various offshore-rigs classified according to water depth:<br />
<br />
Swamp barg<br />
maximum water depth of only 7m. Very commonly used in swamps or river deltas.<br />
<br />
Barge tender<br />
similar to swamp barge but used in deeper waters.<br />
<br />
Jackup rig<br />
platforms that can float and have three or four "legs" that can be scaled back. To be operated, all of his legs must be lowered until they hit the ocean floor. Then the rig body will be lifted up above the water surface so that its shape becomes a fixed platform.<br />
To move from place to place, all the legs must be raised first so that the rig's body floats above the surface of the water. Then the rig is towed using several tugboats to the destination location. The operating depth of the jackup rig is from 5m to 200m.<br />
<br />
Drilling jacket<br />
steel structure platforms, generally small in size and suitable for use in calm and shallow seas. Often combined with jackup rigs or tender barges.<br />
<br />
Semi-submersible rig<br />
often simply called "semis" is a floating type rig. This rig is "tied" to the seabed using mooring ropes and anchors so that its position remains on the surface. By using a thruster, which is a kind of propeller around it, the semis rig is able to adjust its position dynamically.<br />
Semis rigs are often used if the sea is too deep for jackup rigs. Because of its very stable character, this rig is also popular for use in large choppy sea areas and bad weather.<br />
<br />
Drill ship<br />
in principle, put the rig on a ship. Very suitable for use in deep sea areas. The position of the ship is controlled by a computer-controlled thruster system. It can move on its own and the most load capacity makes it often used in remote or far from land areas.<br />
<br />
The function of the Petroleum Rig<br />
From its function, the rig can be classified into two types:<br />
Drilling rig: rig used to drill wells, new wells, new well branches and deepen old wells.<br />
Workover rig: its function is to do something about existing wells, for example for maintenance, repair, closure, etc.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-86679929533016647842019-11-09T11:58:00.002-08:002019-11-09T11:58:21.672-08:00Petroleum Exploration and Geological Studies<b>Petroleum Exploration and Geological Studies</b><br />
Pressure and Temperature<br />
To convert these fossils into hydrocarbons, high temperatures and pressures are needed. This temperature and pressure will change the chemical bonds of carbon in the rock to flatten the hydrocarbons.<br />
<br />
Migration<br />
Hydrocarbons that have been formed from a process above must be able to move to a place where hydrocarbons have economic value to be produced. In the source rock itself, it can be said that it is not possible to be exploited because hydrocarbons there do not accumulate and cannot flow. So this stage is very important to determine the possibility of exploitation of the hydrocarbons.<br />
<br />
Reservoir<br />
Rock which is a container for hydrocarbons which is a collection of the migration process. These reservoirs are generally sandstone and carbonate rocks, because these two rock types have pores large enough to store hydrocarbons. Reservoirs are so important because in this rock petroleum is produced.<br />
<br />
Petroleum exploration<br />
Traps<br />
It's so important that a reservoir is protected by rock traps. The goal is that the hydrocarbons in the reservoir accumulate in that place alone. If this trap does not exist, hydrocarbons can flow to other places, which means the economy will be reduced or not at all. Traps in hydrocarbons are divided into two namely stratigraphic traps and structural traps.<br />
Geological studies are regional studies, if regionally it is not possible to obtain hydrocarbons then there is no point in continuing.<br />
If all of the above criteria can be met then the area may have the potential for oil or natural gas. Meanwhile, to determine whether or not economical further studies are needed relating to the physical properties of rocks. Then the rock research will continue in the next step.<br />
Geological studies are regional studies, if regionally it is not possible to obtain hydrocarbons then there is no point in continuing. If all of the above criteria are met then the area is likely to have the potential for oil or natural gas.<br />
Meanwhile, to determine whether or not economical further studies are needed relating to the physical properties of rocks. Then the research continues in the next step.<br />
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Geophysical Study<br />
After the regional study using the geological method is carried out, and the results identify the hydrocarbon potential, the next step is the geophysical study.<br />
At this stage special methods are used to obtain more accurate data to ascertain the presence of hydrocarbons and their potential for exploitation. The data generated from measurements, which is a reflection of the conditions and properties of rocks in the earth.<br />
It is important to know whether these rocks have properties as source rocks, reservoirs, and trap rocks or only rocks that are not important in terms of hydrocarbons. These methods use physical principles that are used as engineering applications. These methods are:<br />
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Seismic exploration<br />
This is an exploration carried out before drilling. His studies cover a very wide area. from the results of this study will get an overview of rock layers in the earth.<br />
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Resistivity data<br />
The basic principle is that every porous rock will be filled with fluid. This fluid can be water, gas or oil. Differentiating the fluid content in rocks one of them by using the resistance properties that exist in the fluid. Fulida iar has a lower resistance value than oil, as well as an oil resistance value lower than gas.<br />
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Porosity data<br />
Specific Gravity Data<br />
Data is retrieved using a logging tool using radioactive material that emits gamma rays. The reflection from this ray will describe the specific gravity of the rock. We can compare if a rock pore containing water with rocks containing hydrocarbons will have a different specific gravity.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-61456875235181170462019-11-09T11:56:00.002-08:002019-11-09T11:56:39.595-08:00Petroleum Processing and Exploration Processes<b>Petroleum Processing and Exploration Processes</b><br />
Petroleum Exploration - Components, Time, Classification, Geology, Geophysics, Processes, Types, Publications, Rigs: Petroleum exploration or exploration is a long study involving several fields of earth studies and exact sciences. For basic studies, the research is carried out by geologists, namely people who occupy the science of earth. Gray is sand, Blue is water, Black is oil<br />
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Petroleum Exploration<br />
Petroleum, also known as black gold, is a thick liquid, dark brown, or flammable green that is in the upper layers of several areas of the Earth's crust. Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons.<br />
The search for or exploration of petroleum is a long study involving several fields of study of earth and exact sciences. For basic studies, the research is carried out by geologists, namely people who occupy the science of earth. They are people who have the responsibility for the search for hydrocarbons.<br />
We need to know that the oil in the earth is not a container like a lake, but is in the pores of rocks mixed with water.<br />
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Petroleum Components<br />
Petroleum is a complicated mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbon chains, which are generally composed of 85% carbon (C) and 15% hydrogen (H). In addition, there are also organic materials in small amounts and contain oxygen (O), sulfur (S) or nitrogen (N).<br />
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The Time It Takes to Form Petroleum<br />
Around 30-million years in the middle of the Cretaceous era, at the end of the dinosaur era, more than 50% of the world's known oil reserves were formed. Other reserves are even expected to be older.<br />
From a fossil found together with petroleum from the Cambrian era, it is estimated to be around 544 to 505 million years ago.<br />
Geologists generally agree that petroleum was formed over millions of years from organisms, plants and animals, of very small size that lived in ancient oceans. Once this marine organism dies, its body is buried in the ocean floor and then buried in sand and mud, forming a layer rich in organic matter which will eventually become sedimentary rock.<br />
This process repeats continuously, one layer closes the previous layer. Then over the next millions of years, there are oceans on earth that have shrunk or moved. Deposits that form sedimentary rocks generally do not contain enough oxygen to completely decompose the organic material.<br />
Bacteria break down this substance, molecule by molecule, into a material rich in hydrogen and carbon. The higher pressure and temperature of the rock layers above it distills the remnants of organic matter, then slowly converts it into petroleum and natural gas.<br />
The rocks that contain the oldest petroleum are known to be more than 600 million years old. The youngest is around 1 million years old. In general, rocks where oil is found between 10-million and 270-million years old.<br />
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Classification of Petroleum According to Age and Depth<br />
There are 3 types of petroleum that are classified according to age and location of depth, namely:<br />
Young-shallow<br />
Young-shallow petroleum is usually sour, contains a lot of aromatic ingredients, is very thick and has a high sulfur content.<br />
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Old shallow<br />
Old-shallow oils are usually less viscous, lower boiling points, and shorter paraffin chains.<br />
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Old-deep<br />
Old-deep requires the longest time for processing, the lowest boiling point and also the thinnest viscosity. Sulfur contained can be decomposed into H2S that can be released, so the deep-deep is crude oil which is said to be the most "sweet". This kind of oil is the most desirable because it can produce the most gasoline (gasoline).<br />
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Geology Study<br />
To determine an area that has the potential for petroleum, there are several conditions that must exist in the area. If one does not exist then the area has no potential or even does not contain hydrocarbons. These conditions are:<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Marketing Strategies As Well As Important Things From The Perspective of Sellers and Consumers<br />
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Source Rock<br />
Is a rock that is the main ingredient of hydrocarbon formation. Generally, which acts as a source rock is shale. The rock is rich in the elemental content of carbon atoms (C) obtained from fossil shells in the rock. That carbon will be the main element in the chain making up chemical bonds of hydrocarbons.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-61410686968618611482019-11-09T11:50:00.002-08:002019-11-09T11:50:43.077-08:00Definition of Non-Electrolyte<b>Definition of Non-electrolyte</b><br />
Non-electrolytes are those that cannot conduct electricity when dissolved in water. The more the number of ions, the stronger the conductivity. And while a solution that cannot conduct an electric current is caused by the substances that remain intangible in neutral molecules.<br />
Based on the conductivity of electrolyte solution is divided into two, namely strong electrolytes with a large conductivity. For example in strong acid solutions, strong bases and salt. the second is a weak electrolyte, which is a solution with weak conductivity.<br />
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Classified as weak electrolytes:<br />
Weak acids, such as: CH3COOH, HCN, H2CO3, H2S and others<br />
Weak bases such as: NH4OH, Ni (OH) 2 and others<br />
Salts that are difficult to dissolve, such as: AgCl, CaCrO4, PbI2 and others<br />
Example :<br />
CH3COOH, HCOOH, HF, H2CO3, and NH4OH<br />
Electrolyte solutions can be sourced from ionic compounds (compounds that have ionic bonds) or polar covalent compounds (compounds that have polar covalent bonds)<br />
Definition of Electrolyte Solution<br />
Solution is an interagency substance which has no boundary plane and is homogeneous in all parts of the mixture. The components of the solution are solvents and dissolved substances. Electrilit is a substance that when dissolved in water will get a solution that can produce electric current.<br />
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Classified as this type for example:<br />
Urea (CO (NH2) 2) solution<br />
Sucrose Solution<br />
Sugar solution (C12H22o11)<br />
Glucose Solution (C6H12O6)<br />
Alcohol solution (C2H5OH)<br />
Electrolyte Solution Forming Compounds<br />
Compounds in the solution can conduct electric current in the form of ion compounds and polar covalent compounds, because these compounds can be ionized when dissolved in water.<br />
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Ion compound<br />
Ionic compounds have a composition of several ions which have a solid and dry form. The ions making up the ion compound in the solvent will move freely so that the ion solution can conduct an electric current. Ionic compounds which are in the form of crystals, the ions cannot move freely so they cannot conduct electric current. For example NaCl, KCl, NaOH and KOH.<br />
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Polar Covalent Compound<br />
Polar covalent compounds if dissolved in water, they will break down to turn into ions. This is because the covalent bonds in these compounds break easily in the ait solvents and produce ions. For example hydrochloric acid (HCl), Ammonia (NH3).<br />
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How to Electrolyte Solution Conducting Electric Current<br />
Electrolyte solutions exist in ions which have different charges and move freely. If an electric current is connected, the cation moves towards the cascade and the anion moves towards the anode so that the electric current can flow in a system.<br />
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Non-electrolyte example<br />
Below are included which are non-electrolyte solutions, namely:<br />
Sucrose Solution<br />
Alcohol solution<br />
Glucose Solution<br />
Urea Solution<br />
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General Dissolution Process<br />
Solution is a phase that every day is around us. A homogeneous system that contains two or more substances whose individual components cannot be distinguished physically is called a solution, while a heterogeneous system is called a mixture.<br />
Usually the term solution is considered as a liquid containing solutes, for example solids or gases in other words the solution is not just limited to liquids.<br />
The components of the solution are of two types, solvents and solutes, which can be exchanged depending on the amount. Solvents are the main component contained in large amounts, while the minor components are solutes.<br />
The solution is formed by mixing two or more pure substances whose molecules interact directly in a mixed state. All gases can be mixed with each other, so the gas mixture is a solution. The dissolution process can be illustrated as shown above.<br />
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Types of Solutions<br />
Gas in the gas - the entire gas mixture<br />
Gas in liquid - oxygen in water<br />
Liquid in liquid - alcohol in water<br />
Solids in liquid - sugar in water<br />
Gas in solids - hydrogen in palladium<br />
Liquid in solids - Hg in silver<br />
Solids in solids - alloysMac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-9539373793383016612019-11-09T11:49:00.003-08:002019-11-09T11:49:43.287-08:00Definition and Process of Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes<b>Definition and Process of Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes</b><br />
Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes - Definition, History, Process, Strength, Weakness, Compounds, Example: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances that dissolve themselves and each of the constituent substances cannot be physically edited again.<br />
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Definition of Solution<br />
Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which dissolve themselves and each of the constituent substances cannot be physically edited again. The solution consists of solvents and solutes. Based on the electrical conductivity (ionisation power), the solution is divided into 2 types, namely electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions.<br />
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History of electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions<br />
In 1884, Svante Arrhenius, a famous chemist from Sweden put forward the theory of electrolytes which until now the theory persisted even though he was barely given his doctorate at Upsala University, Sweden, for expressing this theory.<br />
According to Arrhenius, the electrolyte solution in water dissociates into positive and negative electrically charged particles called ions (positive ions and negative ions). The number of positive ion charges will equal the number of negative ion charges, so the charge of the ions in the neutral solution. These ions are in charge of delivering an electric current. Solutions that can conduct electric current are called electrolyte solutions.<br />
This solution gives symptoms in the form of lights or the emergence of gas bubbles in the solution. Electrolyte solutions contain charged particles (cations and anions). Based on experiments conducted by Michael Faraday, it is known that if an electric current is flowed into an electrolyte solution an electrolysis process will occur which produces gas.<br />
This gas bubble is formed because positive ions undergo a reduction reaction and negative ions undergo oxidation. For example, in the HCl solution an electrolysis reaction occurs which produces hydrogen gas as follows.<br />
HCl (aq) → H + (aq) + Cl- (aq)<br />
Reduction reaction: 2H + (aq) + 2e- → H2 (g)<br />
Oxidation reaction: 2Cl- (aq) → Cl2 (g) + 2e-<br />
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Understanding Electrolytes<br />
Electrolytes are dissolved or dissolved substances in the form of ions and then the solution becomes an electrical conductor, ions are electrically charged atoms. Electrolyte substances can be acids, bases, water or can also be other chemical compounds. Electrolytes are generally in the form of acids, salts or bases. This solution is subdivided into 2, namely: strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes.<br />
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Strong electrolytes<br />
Strong electrolyte solutions are solutions that have a strong electrical conductivity, because the solutes in solvents (generally water), all turn into ions (α = 1).<br />
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Classified as strong electrolytes are:<br />
Strong acids, such as: HCl, HCl03, H2SO4, HNO3 and others.<br />
Strong bases, namely alkaline and alkaline earth bases, such as: NaOH, KOH, Ca (OH) 2, Ba (OH) 2 and others.<br />
Salts that dissolve easily, such as: NaCl, KI, Al2 (SO4) 3 and others<br />
Example :<br />
Acids, for example sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl)<br />
Bases, for example sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), barium hydroxide (Ba (OH) 2)<br />
Weak electrolytes<br />
Weak electrolyte solution is a solution with low electrical conductivity with a value of the degree of ionization of: O <α <1.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9081165434985961772.post-74536609259055469322019-11-09T11:36:00.000-08:002019-11-09T11:36:11.848-08:00Definition of Biotic Components in Ecosystems<b>Definition of Biotic Components in Ecosystems and Examples</b><br />
Biotic Components<br />
Definition of Biotic Components in Ecosystems and Their Examples - Biotic components are an environmental component that includes living things. Basically, we can classify living things on the basis of certain types, for example the human and plant classes. Living things can be seen by their size and are classified as microorganisms and macroorganisms.<br />
Humans are biotic factors that have the most powerful influence on this earth, both in the influence of folding and destroying, or even in accelerating the spread of plants and animals. Based on their functions and roles, living things are divided into three types, namely:<br />
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Producer<br />
The producer is a living creature that can change inorganic substances into organic (autotrophic organisms). This process can only be done on plants that collaborate with one way, namely photosynthesis. For example producers are moss, algae and green plants.<br />
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Palm tree is a producer<br />
Consumer<br />
Consumer is a heterotrophic organism that cannot make its own food and there is a dependency on other organisms, both heterotrophic and primary autotrophic. Consumers are usually animals. Animals that eat plants directly (herbivores) are called primary consumers. Animals that eat primary consumers are called consumers II and form sustainable food chains. The last consumer is also called the top consumer. For example, the top consumers are humans.<br />
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Decomposer<br />
Decomposers are organisms that can decompose organic matter turned into inorganics for later use by producers. Decomposers can also be called detritivorous organisms or carcass eaters. For example, decomposer organisms are spoilage bacteria and fungi.<br />
Living things that can only live and breed suitable or suitable environments, also called habitats. In ecosystems, each organism has certain functions and tasks. This is known as Nisia. Therefore, the biotic component of ecosystems can be grouped based on this ratio. Broadly speaking there are 4 nisia.<br />
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Producer<br />
Producers are organisms that can arrange organic compounds (which contain living materials) from inorganic materials (not containing living materials) into their own food. In forming their own food, this organism is assisted with sunlight and we often call it an autotrophic organism. Also included in this group are the types of bacteria, green plants and blue-green algae.<br />
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Consumer<br />
Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food, and to meet their food needs depend on other organisms. The organism is called heterotrophic organism. The components in the heterotroph are human, fungal, animal, and microbial. Consumer organisms can be distinguished based on the type of food into the group of herbivores (plant eaters), carnivores (meat eaters), and omnivores (eaters of all). Based on the level, consumers can be divided into:<br />
Primary consumers are direct producers of producers<br />
Example: all herbivorous and omnivorous nations such as: rats, goats, caterpillars, cows, etc.<br />
Secondary consumers are primary consumer eaters<br />
Example: some carnivores and omnivores such as snakes, frogs, anteaters, cheetahs, chickens, tigers, etc.<br />
Tertiary consumers are secondary consumer eaters.<br />
Example: some carnivores and omnivores such as: eagle, octopus, shark, etc.<br />
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Decomposer<br />
Decomposers are called decomposers. Allows organic substances to decompose and undergo recycling into nutrients. Which includes the remodel group are bacteria and fungi.<br />
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Detrivora<br />
Detrivora is an organism that eats an organic particle. Detritus is the destruction of a petted animal plant network. Which includes these groups, snails, earthworms, centipedes, sea cucumbers and kelwing.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.com